常用的焊接方法有哪些?

What are the commonly used welding methods?

　　手弧焊

Hand arc welding

　　手弧焊是各種電弧焊方法中發(fā)展早、目前仍然應用廣的一種焊接方法。它是以外部涂有涂料的焊條作電極和填充金屬，電弧是在焊條的端部和被焊工件表面之間燃燒。涂料在電弧熱作用下一方面可以產(chǎn)生氣體以保護電弧，另一方面可以產(chǎn)生熔渣覆蓋在熔池表面，防止熔化金屬與周圍氣體的相互作用。熔渣的更重要作用是與熔化金屬產(chǎn)生物理化學反應或添加合金元素，改善焊縫金屬性能。

Hand arc welding is the earliest developed and still the most widely used welding method among various arc welding methods. It uses a coated electrode as the electrode and filler metal, and the arc burns between the end of the electrode and the surface of the workpiece being welded. On the one hand, coatings can generate gas to protect the arc under the heat of the arc, and on the other hand, they can generate slag to cover the surface of the molten pool, preventing the interaction between the molten metal and the surrounding gas. The more important role of slag is to react physically and chemically with the molten metal or add alloying elements to improve the performance of the weld metal.

　　手弧焊設備簡單、輕便，操作靈活。可以應用于維修及裝配中的短縫的焊接，特別是可以用于難以達到的部位的焊接。手弧焊配用相應的焊條可適用于大多數(shù)工業(yè)用碳鋼、不銹鋼、鑄鐵、銅、鋁、鎳及其合金。

Hand arc welding equipment is simple, lightweight, and flexible to operate. It can be used for welding short seams in maintenance and assembly, especially for welding difficult to reach areas. Hand arc welding with corresponding welding rods can be applied to most industrial carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, copper, aluminum, nickel and their alloys.

　　鎢極氣體保護電弧焊?

Tungsten gas shielded arc welding?

　　這是一種不熔化極氣體保護電弧焊，是利用鎢極和工件之間的電弧使金屬熔化而形成焊縫的。焊接過程中鎢極不熔化，只起電極的作用。同時由焊炬的噴嘴送進氬氣或氦氣作保護。還可根據(jù)需要另外添加金屬（在國際上通稱為TIG焊）。

This is a type of non melting gas shielded arc welding, which uses the arc between the tungsten electrode and the workpiece to melt the metal and form a weld. During the welding process, the tungsten electrode does not melt and only serves as an electrode. At the same time, argon or helium gas is fed into the nozzle of the welding torch for protection. Additional metals can also be added as needed (internationally known as TIG welding).

　　熔化極氣體保護電弧焊

Melting gas shielded arc welding

　　這種焊接方法是利用連續(xù)送進的焊絲與工件之間燃燒的電弧作熱源，由焊炬噴嘴噴出的氣體保護電弧來進行焊接的。以惰性氣體與氧化性氣體（O 2 ，CO 2 ）混合氣為保護氣體時，或以CO 2 氣體或CO 2 ＋O 2 混合氣為保護氣時，或以CO 2 氣體或CO 2 ＋O 2 混合氣為保護氣時，統(tǒng)稱為熔化極活性氣體保護電弧焊（在國際上簡稱為MAG焊）。

This welding method uses the arc that burns between the continuously fed welding wire and the workpiece as a heat source, and the gas shielded arc sprayed out by the welding torch nozzle is used for welding. When a mixture of inert gas and oxidizing gas (O2, CO2) is used as the shielding gas, or when a mixture of CO2 gas or CO2+O2 is used as the shielding gas, or when a mixture of CO2 gas or CO2+O2 is used as the shielding gas, it is collectively referred to as MAG welding (abbreviated internationally as MAG welding).

　　熔化極氣體保護電弧焊的主要優(yōu)點是可以方便地進行各種位置的焊接，同時也具有焊接速度較快、熔敷率高等優(yōu)點。

The main advantage of gas shielded arc welding is that it can easily perform welding in various positions, while also having the advantages of fast welding speed and high deposition rate.

　　等離子弧焊

Plasma arc welding

　　等離子弧焊也是一種不熔化極電弧焊。它是利用電極和工件之間地壓縮電弧（叫轉發(fā)轉移電弧）實現(xiàn)焊接的。所用的電極通常是鎢極。產(chǎn)生等離子弧的等離子氣可用氬氣、氮氣、氦氣或其中二者之混合氣。同時還通過噴嘴用惰性氣體保護。焊接時可以外加填充金屬，也可以不加填充金屬。

Plasma arc welding is also a type of non melting electrode arc welding. It achieves welding by compressing the arc between the electrode and the workpiece (called forwarding transfer arc). The electrodes used are usually tungsten electrodes. The plasma gas used to generate a plasma arc can be argon, nitrogen, helium, or a mixture of the two. At the same time, inert gas is used to protect the nozzle. Filler metal can be added or not during welding.

　　管狀焊絲電弧焊

Tubular wire arc welding

　　管狀焊絲電弧焊也是利用連續(xù)送進的焊絲與工件之間燃燒的電弧為熱源來進行焊接的，可以認為是熔化極氣體保護焊的一種類型。所使用的焊絲是管狀焊絲，管內(nèi)裝有各種組分的焊劑。

Tubular wire arc welding is also a type of gas shielded metal welding that uses the continuously fed welding wire and the burning arc between the workpiece as the heat source for welding. The welding wire used is a tubular welding wire, which contains various components of flux inside the tube.

　　焊接時，外加保護氣體，主要是CO 2 。焊劑受熱分解或熔化，起著造渣保護溶池、滲合金及穩(wěn)弧等作用。

When welding, apply a protective gas, mainly CO2. The flux undergoes thermal decomposition or melting, playing a role in slag formation, protecting the molten pool, alloying, and stabilizing the arc.

　　電阻焊

Resistance welding

　　這是以電阻熱為能源的一類焊接方法，包括以熔渣電阻熱為能源的電渣焊和以固體電阻熱為能源的電阻焊。由于電渣焊更具有獨特的特點，故放在后面介紹。這里主要介紹幾種固體電阻熱為能源的電阻焊，主要有點焊、縫焊、凸焊及對焊等。

This is a type of welding method that uses resistance heat as its energy source, including electroslag welding that uses slag resistance heat as its energy source and resistance welding that uses solid resistance heat as its energy source. Due to the unique characteristics of electroslag welding, it will be introduced later. This article mainly introduces several types of solid resistance welding using heat as energy, including spot welding, seam welding, projection welding, and butt welding.

　　電子束焊

Electron beam welding

　　電子束焊是以集中的高速電子束轟擊工件表面時所產(chǎn)生的熱能進行焊接的方法。激光焊

Electron beam welding is a welding method that uses the heat energy generated when a concentrated high-speed electron beam bombards the surface of a workpiece. Laser welding

　　激光焊是利用大功率相干單色光子流聚焦而成的激光束為熱源進行的焊接。這種焊接方法通常有連續(xù)功率激光焊和脈沖功率激光焊。

Laser welding is a welding process that uses a laser beam focused by a high-power coherent monochromatic photon stream as the heat source. This welding method usually includes continuous power laser welding and pulse power laser welding.

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